導(dǎo)讀：

1月19日與在美國(guó)波士頓的女兒聊天，她說(shuō)起已經(jīng)有近兩周買不到雞蛋，蛋液產(chǎn)品也銷售一空，原因是美國(guó)禽流感疾病帶來(lái)的影響，當(dāng)然在2月初超市恢復(fù)了雞蛋供應(yīng)；1月13日與在禾豐進(jìn)行家禽技術(shù)交流的荷蘭皇家德赫斯公司蛋禽專家Arien溝通，他談到當(dāng)時(shí)在荷蘭每只蛋雞的利潤(rùn)達(dá)到了稅前27歐元，如此高利潤(rùn)的原因之一，也是因?yàn)闅W洲禽流感帶來(lái)的雞只數(shù)減少的影響。可見(jiàn)，禽流感在歐美市場(chǎng)對(duì)雞蛋消費(fèi)者和養(yǎng)殖從業(yè)者都產(chǎn)生了明顯的影響。所以本期就禽流感的話題請(qǐng)JAN根據(jù)合作伙伴荷蘭皇家德赫斯公司的技術(shù)觀點(diǎn)和他個(gè)人閱讀的大量文章，組織了這篇短文，請(qǐng)大家尤其是關(guān)心禽流感對(duì)公共衛(wèi)生安全影響的人士了解，不必要產(chǎn)生恐慌。

在禽流感作為人畜共患病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面，本文的觀點(diǎn)是：目前沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明禽流感可以通過(guò)食用任何市售食品（包括受污染的禽類產(chǎn)品）傳播給人類。人類感染禽流感的情況仍然罕見(jiàn)，且迄今為止尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)人際傳播。研究表明，禽流感病毒與禽類受體（α2,3唾液酸）結(jié)合，而非人類季節(jié)性流感病毒使用的受體（α2,6唾液酸），這是該病毒具有物種特異性且對(duì)人類沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)的原因之一。世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）、歐洲食品安全局（EFSA）和聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織（FAO）的多家權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)將禽流感對(duì)普通公眾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記為“低”，而對(duì)經(jīng)常接觸感染動(dòng)物的人群風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記為“低至中度”。相關(guān)權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)定期評(píng)估病例數(shù)量和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平。

——首席技術(shù)官 邵彩梅

文/荷蘭皇家德赫斯公司駐禾豐技術(shù)總監(jiān)

    Jan Cortenbach

翻譯/總部高級(jí)研發(fā)經(jīng)理  張?chǎng)?/p>

Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious disease primarily found in birds. The first cases of low pathogenic AI (LPAI) were already reported in 1960, and the highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) was first reported in 1996 in geese in China. Sometimes the virus also infects mammals. Avian influenza affects the respiratory (nose, mouth, and airways), digestive, and/or nervous systems. The disease occurs in poultry raised on farms (like chickens, ducks, and turkeys) and nearly all species of birds found in the wild, including ducks, doves, pigeons, geese, seagulls, and storks. Birds of prey and other predators can also contract the virus by eating birds that fell ill or died of avian flu.

禽流感（Avian Influenza, AI）是一種主要在鳥(niǎo)類中傳播的高度傳染性疾病。低致病性禽流感（Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza, LPAI）的首例病例早在1960年就有報(bào)道，而高致病性禽流感（Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI）則于1996年首次在中國(guó)鵝群中被報(bào)出。該病毒有時(shí)也會(huì)感染哺乳動(dòng)物。禽流感主要影響呼吸系統(tǒng)（鼻、口腔和呼吸道）、消化系統(tǒng)或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。該疾病多發(fā)于農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)的家禽（如雞、鴨和火雞），以及幾乎所有野生鳥(niǎo)類，包括鴨、鴿子、鵝、海鷗和鸛等。猛禽和其它捕食性動(dòng)物也可能通過(guò)食用患病或死于禽流感的鳥(niǎo)類而感染該病毒。

Avian influenza can spread via direct contact between animals (live bird) markets, droppings of infected (wild) birds, or dust in the air of infected farms. AI mainly occurs in autumn and winter, when wild birds are mitigating. As expected, more and more AI infections have been identified over the last few weeks in different European regions. The virus was found in both wild birds and commercially kept poultry. The pressure of infection is expected to systematically increase over the next weeks. Due to lower temperatures, higher humidity, and foggy weather, viruses have a longer survival time and are more easily introduced into poultry houses. 

禽流感可以通過(guò)以下途徑傳播：動(dòng)物之間的直接接觸（如活禽市場(chǎng)），患病（野生）鳥(niǎo)類的糞便，或疫區(qū)農(nóng)場(chǎng)空氣中的粉塵。禽流感主要發(fā)生在秋季和冬季，此時(shí)野生鳥(niǎo)類正在遷徙。正如預(yù)期的那樣，過(guò)去幾周在歐洲不同地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了越來(lái)越多的禽流感感染病例。該病毒在野生鳥(niǎo)類和商業(yè)化飼養(yǎng)的家禽中均有發(fā)現(xiàn)。預(yù)計(jì)在未來(lái)幾周內(nèi)，感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)將系統(tǒng)性增加。由于氣溫降低、濕度增加以及多霧天氣，病毒的存活時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)，并且更容易傳入禽舍。

As mentioned before, there are two main types of avian influenza, HPAI and LPAI. HPAI is deadly to birds, while LPAI causes several severe symptoms, like tremors, swollen sinuses, decreased weight, and egg production (amongst others). The main concern for LPAI is that it evolves to the HPAI. Since commercial poultry farms usually keep the birds close together, AI outbreaks at such locations affect many birds at once. Wild birds can also contract the highly pathogenic AI variants, which cause a higher risk of HPAI infections at farms located close to rivers and wetland areas.   

如前所述，禽流感主要有兩種類型：HPAI和LPAI。HPAI對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類具有致命性，而LPAI則會(huì)引起一系列嚴(yán)重癥狀，如震顫、鼻竇腫脹、體重下降和產(chǎn)蛋量減少等。LPAI的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在于其可能演變?yōu)镠PAI。由于商業(yè)化養(yǎng)禽場(chǎng)通常是密集飼養(yǎng)，一旦發(fā)生疫情將立刻產(chǎn)生大量病例。野生鳥(niǎo)類也可能感染高致病性禽流感病毒，這增加了靠近河流和濕地地區(qū)的農(nóng)場(chǎng)爆發(fā)HPAI感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

Avian influenza: Risk for zoonosis?

Avian influenza can be transmitted from birds to mammals (including humans) mainly in two ways:

Directly from birds or contaminated environments

A. The highest risk applies to mammals that eat infected birds, for example, foxes, raccoons, and cats.

B. Through an intermediate host, such as another mammal

禽流感：人畜共患病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

禽流感可以從禽類傳播給哺乳動(dòng)物（包括人類），主要通過(guò)以下兩種途徑：

直接來(lái)自禽類或受污染的環(huán)境

A.最高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)群體是那些食用感染禽類的哺乳動(dòng)物，例如狐貍、浣熊和貓。

B.通過(guò)中間宿主，例如另一只哺乳動(dòng)物。

In North America, AI has been reported in several dairy herds. Infection in cattle appears to be centered in the udder. The raw milk from infected cows contained high viral loads, indicating a potential route of transmission via milk and milking procedures (rather than respiratory as in birds). Pasteurization inactivates the virus. Apart from cattle, there are cases reported in other mammalian species, like foxes, alpacas, and minks. There is no evidence that AI can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of any commercially available food products including contaminated poultry products. Safe handling of raw meat and other raw food ingredients, thorough cooking, and good kitchen hygiene can prevent or reduce the risks of contaminated food. 

在北美，多個(gè)奶牛群被報(bào)道出感染了禽流感。牛感染病毒的部位主要集中在乳房。感染奶牛的生乳中含有高病毒載量，表明禽流感病毒可能通過(guò)奶水或擠奶流程而傳播（與鳥(niǎo)類主要通過(guò)呼吸道傳播不同）。巴氏殺菌可以滅活病毒。除了牛之外，其它哺乳動(dòng)物（如狐貍、羊駝和水貂）也有感染病例報(bào)告。目前沒(méi)有證據(jù)表明禽流感可以通過(guò)食用任何市售食品（包括受污染的禽類產(chǎn)品）傳播給人類。正確處理生肉和其他生食原料、徹底烹飪以及良好的廚房衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣可以預(yù)防或降低食品受污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

In Q4 of 2024, 56 new cases of AI infection in humans were reported worldwide. Most of these cases had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle before virus detection or onset of illness. In case a human does get infected with AI, symptoms are generally mild. These symptoms can include a fever, headache, muscle ache, coughing, and eye inflammation. Sometimes AI in humans results in severe illness with pneumonia, shortness of breath, and even fatalities. These cases mainly occur in Asia. 

2024年第四季度，全球報(bào)告了56例新的人類感染禽流感病例。大多數(shù)病例在病毒檢測(cè)或發(fā)病前曾接觸過(guò)家禽、活禽市場(chǎng)或奶牛。人類感染禽流感后，癥狀通常較輕，可能包括發(fā)熱、頭痛、肌肉酸痛、咳嗽和眼部炎癥。在某些情況下，人類感染禽流感可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重疾病，如肺炎、呼吸急促，甚至死亡。這些嚴(yán)重病例主要發(fā)生在亞洲地區(qū)。

Human infections with AI remain rare and so far, no human-to-human transmission has been identified. With the extensive circulation of AI viruses in bird populations globally, sporadic transmission to humans is likely to continue occurring in settings where people are exposed to infected animals or their environment without appropriate protective equipment. Viruses are also sequenced and genetic changes that may alter zoonotic potential or susceptibility are monitored. Research has shown that the avian influenza virus binds to the avian receptor (α2,3 sialic acids) and not the receptor used by human seasonal influenza (α2,6 sialic acids). This is one of the explanations why the virus is species-specific and not dangerous to humans.  Several authorities, like WHO, EFSA, and FAO have marked the risk as ‘low’ for the general public and ‘low-to-moderate’ for those who are regularly exposed to infected animals. The number of cases and risks are assessed on a regular basis by the authorities.

人類感染禽流感的情況仍然罕見(jiàn)，且迄今為止尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)人際傳播。隨著禽流感病毒在全球鳥(niǎo)類種群中的廣泛傳播，在人們未使用適當(dāng)防護(hù)設(shè)備的情況下接觸感染動(dòng)物或其環(huán)境時(shí)，可能會(huì)繼續(xù)發(fā)生零星的傳播事件。對(duì)病毒基因進(jìn)行了測(cè)序，并監(jiān)測(cè)可能改變?nèi)诵蠊不疾摿蛞赘行缘幕蜃兓?。研究表明，禽流感病毒與禽類受體（α2,3唾液酸）結(jié)合，而非人類季節(jié)性流感病毒使用的受體（α2,6唾液酸）。這是該病毒具有物種特異性且對(duì)人類沒(méi)有危險(xiǎn)的原因之一。

包括世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）、歐洲食品安全局（EFSA）和聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織（FAO）在內(nèi)的多家權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)已將禽流感對(duì)普通公眾的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記為“低”，而對(duì)經(jīng)常接觸感染動(dòng)物的人群的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)記為“低至中度”。相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)定期評(píng)估病例數(shù)量和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平。

What can be done to prevent avian influenza on poultry farms?

Biosecurity remains a key factor in preventing HPAI virus introduction from wild birds into poultry farms and further between-farm spread. Several important aspects are like employees and visitors, hygiene, feed and feed delivery, cleaning, and disinfection should be taken into account. For biosecurity, it is very important to avoid contact with other birds outside of the farm. Sharing farm equipment and personnel should be avoided or at least kept to a minimum. Furthermore, when new cases are reported, the local authority can govern an obligation to keep all poultry/bird types housed inside (both commercial and backyard). In some countries, the authority follows a ‘stamp-out strategy’ when AI is present on a poultry farm. All animals located at that farm and within a 1 km zone of neighboring farms are culled according to a strict protocol. Furthermore, a 3 km protection zone and 10 km surveillance zone are applied for several weeks. This should prevent further outbreaks from that farm. Vaccination is one of the additional measures to protect birds against AI. 

如何預(yù)防禽流感在家禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)的傳播？

生物安全仍然是防止HPAI病毒從野生鳥(niǎo)類傳入家禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)以及在養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)之間進(jìn)一步傳播的關(guān)鍵因素。以下幾個(gè)重要方面需要考慮：?jiǎn)T工和訪客管理、衛(wèi)生情況、飼料及飼料運(yùn)輸、清潔和消毒等。在生物安全方面，避免與養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)外的其他鳥(niǎo)類接觸至關(guān)重要。應(yīng)避免共享養(yǎng)殖設(shè)備及人員，或至少將其控制在最低限度。此外，當(dāng)有新病例報(bào)告時(shí)，地方當(dāng)局可以規(guī)定將所有家禽/鳥(niǎo)類（包括商業(yè)養(yǎng)殖和家庭散養(yǎng)）圈養(yǎng)在室內(nèi)。在某些國(guó)家，當(dāng)禽流感出現(xiàn)在家禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)時(shí)，當(dāng)局會(huì)采取“撲殺策略”（stamp-out strategy）。根據(jù)嚴(yán)格協(xié)議，對(duì)感染農(nóng)場(chǎng)及其周邊1公里范圍內(nèi)的鄰近農(nóng)場(chǎng)的所有動(dòng)物進(jìn)行撲殺。同時(shí)，還會(huì)實(shí)施為期數(shù)周的3公里保護(hù)區(qū)和10公里監(jiān)控區(qū)措施，以防止疫情進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散。疫苗接種是保護(hù)家禽免受禽流感侵害的額外措施之一。

Currently, egg-laying birds in Asia, including China are already vaccinated against AI, but the vaccine has not been approved in the EU yet. The EU is also developing and evaluating AI vaccines. The first results from a field study are promising, as they show no transmission of the virus to the vaccinated treatment group. The first pilot studies on commercial farms with vaccines are expected soon.   

目前，亞洲地區(qū)（包括中國(guó)）的蛋雞已經(jīng)接種了禽流感疫苗，但該疫苗尚未在歐盟獲得批準(zhǔn)。歐盟也在開(kāi)發(fā)和評(píng)估禽流感疫苗。一項(xiàng)田間研究的初步結(jié)果顯示出良好前景，研究表明接種疫苗組未發(fā)生病毒傳播。預(yù)計(jì)不久將在商業(yè)化養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)開(kāi)展首批疫苗試點(diǎn)研究。